From: Bram Moolenaar To: vim-multibyte@vim.org Subject: New version of the multi-byte docs Date: Tue, 25 Apr 2000 11:32:16 +0200 Below is a new version of the on-line help file for multi-byte. It has been expanded by Takuhiro Nishioka. Please have a look and give me suggestions for improvement. Especially check if something is unclear or incorrect. [Bram] === *multibyte.txt* For Vim version 5.6. Last change: 2000 Apr 25 VIM REFERENCE MANUAL by Bram Moolenaar et al. Multi-byte support *multibyte* *multi-byte* *Chinese* *Japanese* *Korean* There are languages which have many characters that can not be represented using one byte (one octet). These are Chinese (simplified or traditional), Japanese and Korean. These languages uses more than one byte to represent a character. This is limited information on the support in Vim to edit files that use more than one byte per character. Actually, only two-byte codes are currently supported. Also see |+multi_byte| and |'fileencoding'|. 1. Introduction |multibyte-intro| 2. Compiling |multibyte-compiling| 3. Display (X fontset support) |multibyte-display| 4. Input (XIM support) |multibyte-input| 5. UTF-8 in XFree86 xterm |UTF8-xterm| ============================================================================== 1. Introduction *multibyte-intro* LOCALE *locale* There are a number of languages in the world. And there are different cultures and environments at least as much as the number of languages. A linguistic environment corresponding to an area is called "|locale|". The POSIX standard defines a concept of |locale|, which includes a lot of information about |charset|, collating order for sorting, data format, currency format and so on. Your system need to support the |locale| system and the language |locale| of your choice. Some system has a few language |locale|s, so the |locale| of the language which you want to use may not be on your system. If so, you have to add the language |locale|. But on some systems, it is not possible to add other |locale|s. In this case, install X |locale|s by installing X compiled with X_LOCALE. Add "-DX_LOCALE" to the CFLAGS if your X lib support X_LOCALE. For example, When you are using Linux system and you want to use Japanese, set up your system one of the followings. - libc5 + X compiled with X_LOCALE - glibc-2.0 + libwcsmbs + X compiled without X_LOCALE - glibc-2.1 + locale-ja + X compiled without X_LOCALE The location in which the |locale|s are installed varies system to system. For example, "/usr/share/locale", "/usr/lib/locale", etc. See your system's setlocale() man page. *locale-name* *$LANG* The format of |locale| name is: language[_territory[. codeset]] Territory means the country, codeset means the |charset|. For example, the |locale| name "ja_JP.eucJP" means the language is Japanese, the country is Japan, the codeset is EUC-JP. But it also could be "ja", "ja_JP.EUC", "ja_JP.ujis", etc. And unfortunately, the |locale| name for a specific language, territory and codeset is not unified and depends on your system. This name is used for the LANG environment value. When you want to use Korean and the |locale| name is "ko", do this: sh: export LANG=ko csh: setenv LANG ko Examples of locale name: |charset| language |locale-name| GB2312 Chinese (simplified) zh_CN.EUC, zh_CN.GB2312 Big5 Chinese (traditional) zh_TW.BIG5, zh_TW.Big5 EUC-JP Japanese ja, ja_JP.EUC, ja_JP.ujis, ja_JP.eucJP Shift_JIS Japanese ja_JP.SJIS, ja_JP.Shift_JIS EUC-KR Korean ko, ko_KR.EUC Even if your system does not have the multibyte language |locale| of your choice, or does not have a enough implementation of the locale, Vim can somehow handle the multibyte languages. Add "--enable-broken-locale" flag at compile time. CODED CHARACTER SET (CCS) *coded-character-set* *CCS* |CCS| is a mapping from a set of characters to a set of integers. For example, ((65, A), (66, B), (67, C)) is a |CCS| and ((0x41, A), (0x42, B), (0x43, C)) is also a |CCS|. Example of |CCS|es are ISO 10646, US-ASCII, ISO-8859 series, JIS X 0208, JIS X 0201, KS C 5601 (KS X 1001) and KS C 5636 (KS X 1003). The term "integer" means code point or character number and is different from octets or bit combination. Typically, a |CCS| is a character table. Representing the column/line as hexadecimal number becomes the code point of the character. For example, US-ASCII CCS has 8x16 character table, the column number start with 0 and end with 7, the line number start with 0 end with F. The code point of the character at 4/1 is 0x41. CHARACTER ENCODING SCHEME (CES) *character-encode-scheme* *CES* |CES| is a mapping from a sequence of elements in one or more |CCS|es to a sequence of octets. Example of |CES|es are EUC-JP, EUC-KR, EUC-CN (GB 2312), ISO-2022-JP, ISO-2022-KR, ISO-2022-CN, UTF-8, etc. CHARSET *charset* |charset| is a method of converting a sequence of octets into a sequence of charcters, the combination of one or more |CCS|es and a |CES|. For example, ISO-2022-JP |charset| is the combination of ASCII, JIS X 0201, JIS X 0208 |CCS|es and ISO-2022-JP |CES|. Examples of |charset| are US-ASCII, ISO-8859 series, GB2312, EUC-JP, EUC-KR, Shift_JIS, Big5, UTF-8, etc. Note that this is not a term used by other standards bodies, such as ISO, but a term defined in RFC 2130. The term "codeset" in POSIX has the same meaning as |charset| here. |charset| does not mean character set (a set of characters) and the term "character repertoire" means a collection of distinct characters. There are histrical reasons, see RFC 2130. *charset-conversion* One language could have some |charset|s. For example, Japanese have ISO-2022-JP, EUC-JP and Shift_JIS |charset|s. ISO-2022-JP |charset| is used mainly for internet messages, because it is encoded in 7-bit scheme. EUC-JP is mainly used on Unix, Shift_JIS is mainly used on Windows and MacOS. Vim does not convert automatically to the locale's |charset| at display time. So, if a file's |charset| differs from your locale's |charset|, you must know the file's |charset| by anyway, guessing, using some utilities, etc, and you must convert the |charset| to the locale's |charset| manually. Useful utilities for converting the |charset|: Japanese: nkf Nkf is "Network Kanji code conversion Filter". One of the most unique facility of nkf is the guess of the input Kanji code. So, you don't need to know what the inputting file's |charset| is. When convert to EUC-JP from ISO-2022-JP or Shift_JIS, simply do the following command in Vim: :%!nkf -e Nkf can be found at: http://www.sfc.wide.ad.jp/~max/FreeBSD/ports/distfiles/nkf-1.62.tar.gz Chinese: hc Hc is "Hanzi Converter". Hc convert a GB file to a Big5 file, or Big5 file to GB file. Hc can be found at: ftp://ftp.cuhk.hk/pub/chinese/ifcss/software/unix/convert/hc-30.tar.gz Korean: hmconv Hmconv is Korean code conversion utility for especially for E-mail. It can convert between KS C 5601 and ISO-2022-KR. Hmconv can be found at: ftp://ftp.kaist.ac.kr/pub/hangul/code/hmconv/hmconv1.0pl3 Multilingual: lv Lv is a Powerful Multilingual File Viewer. And it can be worked as |charset| converter. Supported |charset|: ISO-2022-CN, ISO-2022-JP, ISO-2022-KR, EUC-CN, EUC-JP, EUC-KR, EUC-TW, UTF-7, UTF-8, ISO-8859 series, Shift_JIS, Big5 and HZ. Lv can be found at: http://www.ff.iij4u.or.jp/~nrt/freeware/lv4493.tar.gz X LOGICAL FONT DISCRIPTION (XLFD) *XLFD* XLFD is the X font name and contains the information about the font size, |CCS|, etc. The name is in this format: FOUNDRY-FAMILY-WEIGHT-SLANT-WIDTH-STYLE-PIXEL-POINT-X-Y-SPACE-AVE-CR-CE Each field means: - FOUNDRY: FOUNDRY field. The company that created the font. - FAMILY: FAMILY_NAME field. Basic font family name. (helvetica, gothic, times, etc) - WEIGHT: WEIGHT_NAME field. How thick the letters are. (light, medium, bold, etc) - SLANT: SLANT field. r: Roman i: Italic o: Oblique ri: Reverse Italic ro: Reverse Oblique ot: Other number: Scaled font - WIDTH: SETWIDTH_NAME field. Width of characters. (normal, condensed, narrow, double wide) - STYLE: ADD_STYLE_NAME field. Extra info to describe font. (Serif, Sans Serif, Informal, Decorated, etc) - PIXEL: PIXEL_SIZE field. Height, in pixels, of characters. - POINT: POINT_SIZE field. Ten times height of characters in points. - X: RESOLUTION_X field. X resolution (dots per inch). - Y: RESOLUTION_Y field. Y resolution (dots per inch). - SPACE: SPACING field. p: Proportional m: Monospaced c: CharCell - AVE: AVERAGE_WIDTH field. Ten times average width in pixels. - CR: CHARSET_REGISTRY field. Indicates the name of the font |CCS| name. - CE: CHARSET_ENCODING field. In some CCSes, such as ISO-8859 series, this field is the part of |CCS| name. In other CCSes, such as JIS X 0208, if this field is 0, code points has the same value as GL, and GR if 1. For example, in case of a 14 dots font corresponding to JIS X 0208, it is written like: -misc-fixed-medium-r-normal--16-110-100-100-c-160-jisx0208.1990-0 X FONTSET *fontset* *xfontset* A |CCS| typically associated with one font. The languages which must manage multiple |CCS|es needs to manage multiple font. In X11R5, for the internationalization of output API, FontSet was introduced. By using this, Xlib takes care of switching of fonts and the display. Till X11R4, the application themselves had to manage this. |locale| databese has the information about the |charset| of the |locale|, which |CCS|(es) is needed and which |CES| the locale uses. When you use the locale which must manage multiple |CCS|es, you have to specify the each |CCS|'s font in 'guifontset' option. Example: |charset| language |CCS|es GB2312 Chinese (simplified) ISO-8859-1 and GB 2312 Big5 Chinese (traditional) ? EUC-JP Japanese JIS X 0201 and JIS X 0208 EUC-KR Korean ISO-8859-1 and KS C 5601 (KS X 1003) The |XLFD| contains the information of |CCS|. So, by searching in fonts.dir, you can find the |CCS|'s font. The fonts.dir is in the fonts directory (e.g. /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/*), the format of the file is: First line: the number of fonts which are contained in this fonts.dir other line: FILENAME |XLFD| *base_font_name_list* In 'guifontset' option and ~/.Xdefaults, you specify the |base_font_name_list|, which is a list of |XLFD| font names that Xlib uses to load the fonts needed for the |locale|. The base font names are a comma-separated list. For example, when you use the ja_JP.eucJP |locale|, which require JIS X 0201 and JIS X 0208 |CCS|es. You could supply a |base_font_name_list| that explicitly specifies the charsets, like: guifontset=-misc-fixed-medium-r-normal--14-130-75-75-c-140-jisx0208.1983-0, \-misc-fixed-medium-r-normal--14-130-75-75-c-70-jisx0201.1976-0 Alternatively, the user could supply a base font name list that omits the |CCS| name, letting Xlib select font characters required for the locale. For example: guifontset=-misc-fixed-medium-r-normal--14-130-75-75-c-140, \-misc-fixed-medium-r-normal--14-130-75-75-c-70 Alternatively, the user could supply a single base font name that allows Xlib to select from all available fonts. For example: guifontset=-misc-fixed-medium-r-normal--14-* Alternatively, the user could specify the alias name. See fonts.alias in the fonts directory. guifontset=k14,r14 Note that in East Asian fonts, the standard character cell is square. When mixing Latin font and East Asian font, East Asian font width should be twice the Latin font width. And GVIM needs fixed width font. X INPUT METHOD (XIM) *XIM* *xim* *x-input-method* XIM (X Input Method) is an international input module for X. There are two kind of structures, Xlib unit type and |IM-server| (Input-Method server) type. |IM-server| type is suitable for complex inputting, like CJK inputting. - |IM-server| *IM-server* In |IM-server| type input structures, the input event is handled by either of the two ways: FrontEnd system and BackEnd system. In the FrontEnd system, input events are snatched by the |IM-server| first, then |IM-server| give the application the result of input. On the other hand, the BackEnd system works reverse order. MS Windows adopt BackEnd system. In X, most of |IM-server|s adopt FrontEnd system. The demerit of BackEnd system is the large overhead in communication, but it provides safe synchronization with no restrictions on applications. For example, there are xwnmo and kinput2 Japanese |IM-server|, both are FrontEnd system. Xwnmo is distributed with Wnn (see below), kinput2 can be found at: ftp://ftp.sra.co.jp/pub/x11/kinput2/ - Conversion Server *conversion-server* Some system needs additional server: conversion server. Most of Japanese |IM-server|s need it, Kana-Kanji conversion server. For Chinese inputting, it depends on the method of inputting, in some methods, PinYin or ZhuYin to HanZi conversion server is needed. For Korean inputting, if you want to input Hanja, there needs Hangul-Hanja conversion server. For example, the Japanese inputting process is divided into 2 steps. First we pre-input Hira-gana, second Kana-Kanji conversion. There are so many Kanji characters (6349 Kanji characters are defined in JIS X 0208) and the number of Hira-gana characters are 76. So, first, we pre-input text as pronounced in Hira-gana, second, we convert Hira-gana to Kanji or Kata-Kana, if needed. There are some Kana-Kanji conversion server: jserver (distributed with Wnn, see below) and canna. Canna can be found at: ftp://ftp.nec.co.jp/pub/Canna/ There is a good input system: Wnn4.2. Wnn 4.2 contains, xwnmo (|multilingualized| |IM-server|) jserver (Japanese Kana-Kanji conversion server) cserver (Chinese PinYin or ZhuYin to simplified HanZi conversion server) tserver (Chinese PinYin or ZhuYin to traditional HanZi conversion server) kserver (Hangul-Hanja conversion server) Wnn 4.2 can be found at: ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.ORG/pub/FreeBSD/ports/distfiles/Wnn4.2.tar.gz - Input Style *xim-input-style* When inputting CJK, there needs four areas. 1. The area to perform display of input in the midst 2. The area to display input mode. 3. The area to display the next candidate for the selection. 4. The area to display other tools. The third area is needed when converting. For example, in Japanese inputting, multiple Kanji characters could have the same pronounciation, so a sequence of Hira-gana characters could map to a distinct sequence of Kanji characters. The first and second areas are defined in international input of X with the names of "Preedit Area", "Status Area" respectively. The third and fourth areas are not defined and are left to be managed by the |IM-server|. In the international input, four input styles have been defined using combinations of Preedit Area and Status Area: |OnTheSpot|, |OffTheSpot|, |OverTheSpot| and |Root|. Currently, GUI Vim support three style, |OverTheSpot|, |OffTheSpot| and |Root|. *. on-the-spot *OnTheSpot* Preedit Area and Status Area are performed by the client application in the area of application. The client application is directed by the |IM-server| to display all pre-edit data at the location of text insertion. The client registers callbacks invoked by the input method during pre-editing. *. over-the-spot *OverTheSpot* Status Area is created in a fixed position within the area of application, in case of Vim, the position is the additional status line. Preedit Area is made at present input position of application. The input method displays pre-edit data in a window which it brings up directly over the text insertion position. *. off-the-spot *OffTheSpot* Preedit Area and Status Area are performed in the area of application, in case of Vim, the area is additional status line. The client application provides display windows for the pre-edit data to the input method which displays into them directly. *. root-window *Root* Preedit Area and Status Area are performed outside of the area of application. The input method displays all pre-edit data in a separate area of the screen in a window specific to the input method. LOCALIZATION, INTERNATIONALIZATION AND MULTILINGUALIZATION *localized* *Localization* *L10N* Localization (L10N) To fit a system or an application with a specific language. *internationalized* *Internationalization* *I18N* Internationalization (I18N) To enable a system or an application to fit with a specific language according to the |locale|. *multilingualized* *Multilingualization* *M17N* Multilingualization (M17N) To enable a system or an application to be able to use multiple languages at the same time. For example, JVim (Japanized version Vim 3.0) is a |localized| application for Japanese. Cxterm (|localized| xterm for Chinese), kterm (|localized| xterm for Japanese) and hanterm (|localized| xterm for Korean) is also a |localized| application. Gnome is an |internationalized| application. It can be |localized| for many languages according to the |locale|. Mule (Multilingual Enhancement for GNU Emacs) is a |multilingualized| application. It can handle multiple character sets and can maintain a mixture of languages in a single buffer. Vim is an |internationalized| application. So, you can change the language specifying the |locale| and some options at start time. ============================================================================== 2. Compiling *multibyte-compiling* -. Before you start to compile Vim, be sure that your system has the language |locale| of your choice. You might need to add "-DX_LOCALE" to CFLAGS. -. Compiling Vim: > ./configure --with-x --enable-multibyte --enable-fontset --enable-xim > make -. You can use multi-byte in the Vim GUI, which fully supports the |+multi_byte| feature. If you only use console Vim, low-level multibyte input/output depends on your console. For example, if you run Vim in an xterm, you should use a |localized| xterm or an xterm which support |XIM|. |localized| xterms are kterm (kanji term) or hanterm (for korean) for example. Known |XIM| supporting xterms are Eterm (Enlightened terminal) and rxvt. ============================================================================== 3. Display *multibyte-display* Note that Display and Input are independent. It is possible to see your language even though you have no input method for it. Multibyte output uses |xfontset| feature. -. Be sure that your system has the fonts corresponding to the |CCS|es, which the |locale| needs to manage. See: |xfontset|. -. Following are requirements to use multibyte language. If needed, insert the lines below in your $HOME/.Xdefaults file. The GTK+ version of GUI Vim does not use .Xdefaults, thus this change is not needed for the GTK+ version. These 3 lines are specific for Vim: Vim.font: |base_font_name_list| Vim*fontSet: |base_font_name_list| Vim*fontList: your_language_font: Note: Vim.font is for text area. Vim*fontSet is for menu. Vim*fontList is for menu (for Motif GUI) For example, when you are using Japanese and 14 dots font, > Vim.font: -misc-fixed-medium-r-normal--14-* > Vim*fontSet: -misc-fixed-medium-r-normal--14-* > Vim*fontList: -misc-fixed-medium-r-normal--14-* > or > Vim.font: k14,r14 > Vim.fontSet: k14,r14 > Vim.fontList: k14 You should set the 'guifontset' option to display a multi-byte language. Example: :set guifontset=|base_font_name_list| For example, when you are using Japanese and 14 dots font, > set guifontset=-misc-fixed-medium-r-normal--14-* or > set guifontset=k14,r14 Note: You can not use IM unless you specify 'guifontset'. Therefore, latin users, you have to also use 'guifontset' if you use IM. You should not set 'guifont'. If it is set, Vim ignores 'guifontset'. It means Vim runs without fontset support, you can see only English. The multi-byte characters are displayed corrupted. After the |+fontset| feature is enabled as explained above, Vim does not allow using 'font'. For example, if you use: > :set guifontset=eng_font,your_font in your .gvimrc, then you should use for highlighting: > :hi Comment font=another_eng_font,another_your_font If you would do > :hi Comment font=another_eng_font VIM will also try to use it as a fontset. So, if it cannot display your |locale| dependent codeset, you will see a error message. -. In your .vimrc, add this > set fileencoding=korea You can change "korea" to the some other name such as japan, taiwan. See |'fileencoding'| for the supported encodings. -. If a file's charset is different from your |locale|'s charset, you need to convert the charset. See |charset-conversion|. ============================================================================== 4. Input (XIM, X Input Method support) *multibyte-input* Note that Display and Input are independent. It is possible to see your language even though you have no input method for it. But when your Display method doesn't match your Input method, the text will be displayed wrong. -. To input your language you should run the |IM-server| which supports your language and |conversion-server| if needed. Multibyte input uses |XIM| feature. Next 3 lines are common for all X applications which uses |XIM|. If you already use |XIM|, don't care. > *international: True > *.inputMethod: your_input_server_name > *.preeditType: your_input_style Note: input_server_name is your |IM-server| name (check your |IM-server| manual). your_input_style is one of |OverTheSpot|, |OffTheSpot|, |Root|. See also |xim-input-style|. *international may not necessary if you use X11R6. *.inputMethod and *.preeditType is a optional if you use X11R6. For example, when you are using kinput2 as |IM-server|, > *international: True > *.inputMethod: kinput2 > *.preeditType: OverTheSpot When using |OverTheSpot|, GUI Vim always connects to the IM Server even in Normal mode, so you can input your language with commands like "f" and "r". But when using one of the other two methods, GUI Vim connects to the IM Server only if it is not in Normal mode. If your IM Server does not support |OverTheSpot|, and if you want to use your language with some Normal mode command like "f" or "r", then you should use a |localized| xterm or an xterm which supports |XIM| -. If needed, you can set the XMODIFIERS env. var. sh: export XMODIFIERS="@im=input_server_name" csh: setenv XMODIFIERS "@im=input_server_name" For example, when you are using kinput2 as |IM-server| and sh, > export XMODIFIERS="@im=kinput2" Contributions specifically for the multi-byte features by: Chi-Deok Hwang Sung-Hyun Nam K.Nagano Taro Muraoka Yasuhiro Matsumoto ============================================================================== 5. UTF-8 in XFree86 xterm *UTF8-xterm* This is a short explanation of how to use UTF-8 character encoding in the xterm that comes with XFree86 by Thomas Dickey (text by Markus Kuhn). NOTE: Editing and viewing UTF-8 text in Vim does not work as expected yet! Get the latest xterm version which has now UTF-8 support: http://www.clark.net/pub/dickey/xterm/xterm.tar.gz Compile it with "./configure --enable-wide-chars ; make" Also get the ISO 10646-1 version of the 6x13 font, which is available on http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/download/ucs-fonts.tar.gz and install the font as described in the README file. Now start xterm with > xterm -u8 -fn -misc-fixed-medium-r-semicondensed--13-120-75-75-c-60-iso10646-1 and you will have a working UTF-8 terminal emulator. Try both > cat utf-8-demo.txt > vim utf-8-demo.txt with the demo text that comes with ucs-fonts.tar.gz in order to see whether there are any problems with UTF-8 in your xterm.